Marketing Strategy Development McDonald Corporation

Question: Examine about theMarketing Strategy Developmentfor McDonald Corporation. Answer: Presentation Promoting is the crucial instrument which helps in expanding the selling of the individual results of an association. So as to understandings the ideal detailing of the promoting methodologies, McDonald Corporation of Australia, has been mulled over. The investigation gives the students by depicting the authoritative structure and approaches of MC Donalds, Australia. The fever of inexpensive food is expanding quickly all through the concerned Australian market sections (Hollensen, 2015). Different International explores have been done, by the advertisers of different associations, to design a viable showcasing technique, and executing those thoughts, in creating of the association. 5 Cs of this eatery 7 Ps of showcasing have been examined in this exploration paper all together o get the ideal significant data. The paper likewise incorporates recognizing the requirements of clients and giving them their ideal help, which goes about as a serious technique of the firm. Different suggest ions of situating MC Donalds, Australia in powerful objective markets is significant and it very well may be finished with the assistance of best showcasing techniques. Brief Description of the Organization A Market research of building up a viable promoting practice has been done from Mc Donalds, which is a remarkable inexpensive food supplier all through Australia. Mc Donalds in Australia is a well famous inexpensive food place, which offers clients by a wide assortment of delicious quick nourishments. Each and every food thing is unrivaled in taste and works sound as well. The organization has its headquartered at America, the author of whom are, Richard and Maurice Mc Donald, in the year 1940. The organization is known to be the world's biggest café, who serves an around 70 million clients around the world (Kotler et al., 2015). There are assortments of burgers, found for veggie lovers and non-vegans as well, cheeseburgers, chicken items, sodas, frozen yogurts, and fries and so on, which are of incredible taste and are sound as well. The high client esteem and agreeable is the fundamental purpose behind which the firm is investigating quickly all through Australia. Statement of purpose The organization seeks after a statement of purpose of it, which goes about as a direction to contend with other drive-through joints I Australia. Mc Donalds, Australia, has made a crucial, request to design compelling business methodologies, and executing them for the advancement of the association. Vision Statement The vision explanation of MC Donalds is to give the clients by greatness food adjusting, which will be brilliant in taste, solid, and reasonable to the buyers, so that, interesting encounters will be accomplished by the clients around the world. Estimations of the Organization Mc Donalds, in Australia, has made an extraordinary estimation of it in the present commercial center, by giving clients, and greatness nature of quick nourishments and beverages. The organization seeks after solid business procedures, having a specific strategic vision of it, which assists with keeping up the whole business process in a methodical and productive way. Brief Descriptions of the Products The organization gives clients by assortments of delectable quick nourishments, for example, Hamburgers, Soft beverages, Ice cream, fries, which are completely one of a kind in taste from different contenders (Sheth Sisodia, 2015). The menu list has been made by different clients inclinations, which incorporates veggie lover and non-vegan as well. The game plan of the menu list incorporates breakfast, primary course dinner, sweets, fries, and beverages, with different value ranges. Job of Brand in Organizations Marketing Strategy There is an extraordinary food administration request of MC Donalds, all through the Australia. The companys predominant nature of food things and client overhauling made its position in the sixth situation all through the world. Each and every food thing is of extraordinary taste, and more beneficial to devour, and a wide assortment and inclinations are there, as indicated by indistinguishable human's decision. The greatness nature of items and administrations is making the brand profoundly requesting all through the nation (Foxall, 2014). The organization, having a solid and one of a kind showcasing procedure, is making the business to run in high gainful rate. A wide scope of clients is expanding the quantity of workers of this drive-thru eatery. There is a decent workplace inside this firm, which makes an exceptional picture of it inside different contenders. Great creation and overhauling are produced by the gifted workers and the marking gets increasingly open requesting (Weins tein Pohlman, 2015). Ecological Analysis Industry Analysis The modern condition of MC Donald's, Australia, comprises of both inner and outer conditions. The association is for the most part identified with its ecological elements. According to business articulations, the inside variables of the affiliation are been ordered into a Microenvironment, while, the outer ones are in the Macro condition. Smaller scale Environmental Analysis The microenvironment incorporates the inside variables, of Suppliers, Customers, different contenders, open, and the delegates. The providers of Mc Donalds, in Australia, are firmly identified with one another. The immediate providers benefit nourishments and drinks to clients straightforwardly, by making in the firm, while, the roundabout ones, conveys the fixings to the immediate providers for the food making process (Mller Parvinen, 2015). The organization keeps up the serious methodology inside its rivals like-Dominos, Pizza Hut, and so forth. A large number of clients are been served by this eatery, in a reasonable way, which creates tremendous consumer loyalty. The social notoriety of Mc Donald's is additionally high because of its greatness food administration. Full scale Environmental Analysis The full scale natural of this cheap food firm incorporates political, social, lawful, ecological, monetary and mechanical factors separately. The organization is leveled out of certain Governmental standards and guidelines, in this way, different issues are been constrained by the supervisor, for example, Health issues, worker charges, permit, charge issues, and so forth. Next, the financial components, which incorporate keeping up various, scale o f charges at various nations (Chernev, 2014). The social factors, for example, satisfying the client needs, and offering the new assortment of nourishments to clients, are additionally kept up by this imaginative food creators. Certain ecological factors, for example, food bundling framework, and rehearsing of offering drinking glasses made if biodegradable substances, keeps up a flawless and clean condition in this firm. Mechanical factors, for example, benefiting engaging gear to clients, simple and fast installment programming are been drilled by this affiliation. Investigation of 5Cs of this Organization Organization Mc Donalds, in Australia, has positioned itself, as one of the main cheap food suppliers all through the country. The organization gives a wide assortment of cheap food things to clients, of magnificent in taste, and are not flexible to human wellbeing as well. The organization intends to give the best nature of items and administrations, to the customers, to upgrade more benefits of the association (Crane, 2016). Working condition and representatives fulfillment make the organization progressively exceptional inside different reciprocals. Clients The method of furnishing clients with gigantic fulfillment is additionally kept up by this firm, which is an imperative piece of causing the business to develop more. The representatives of this affiliation know about the reality, that, the disappointment of clients can diminish the benefits of the association, so it is gainful for the supervisory crew and different laborers of an association to keep up consumer loyalty and a faithful relationship (Coffee et al., 2015). The essential objective markets of MC Donalds are among seniors, young people, and for the most part, the kids, who are attached to quick nourishments. Partners The providers of Mc Donalds, are been supplanted a few times, to decrease costs, and to try to general society, that, the food results of it are of excellent (Epstein Buhovac, 2014). The providers incorporate meat and milk items, new vegetables, flour, sugar, yeast, and so forth which are utilized for making the burgers, sandwiches, frozen yogurt, fries, servings of mixed greens, and so forth, while, the soda pops are been provided by the Coca-Cola organization. The organization knows about the flexibly of items from the providers, to guarantee, regardless of whether the items are legitimate or not. Contenders Mc Donalds experiences a decent upper hand of it inside different market parts, for example, Dominos, Pizza HUT, and so on. The organization has an interesting and imaginative business system, which empowers them to rival the reciprocals (Epstein Buhovac, 2014). From different International economic analysts, the food creators of this affiliation, plan of making the new assortment of nourishments, concurring t the current age's decision. The uniqueness in food and cost pulls in more clients, from little kids to the senior residents (Vomberg et al., 2015). Setting Certain lawful factors, for example, keeping up the Governmental principles, monetary factors, for example, keeping up the diverse assessment models inside different nations, are completely been performed by this relationship, to maintain a strategic distance from certain business issues (Dobele et al., 2014). Use of creative innovations, to furnish clients with diversion, assists with inviting more clients. Savvy charging process programming is worked by the clerks, to make a solid security of it, by which all the information of clients are been spared securely. Assortment of Information Viable promoting exploration and market knowledge have been utilized so as to get the necessary data of 5Cs for McDonald Corporation of Australia. The chose showcase sections are Melbourne, Sydney, and Canberra and the customers are seen as progressively inclined towards the utilization of delectable and sound quick nourishments. Most extreme quantities of the peop

Ethical Leadership Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Moral Leadership - Coursework Example At the point when looked by a dubious circumstance, one needs to decipher it before considering the elements that are pertinent to the circumstance. As a rule, absence of involvement with a given circumstance can cause situation and regularly there is an expectation of damage from the results of the choice made. In such a case, a SNCO needs to consider the second and third request outcomes before making due with a given choice. Furthermore, the SNCO should put guideline first, reason second, and afterward individuals last to keep away from the situation innate in the contending esteems. The SNCO needs to settle on an assessment of the choice utilizing Toner’s six tests. Toner recommends that the choice ought not be humiliating, ruining, nor embarrassing the SNCO whenever investigated by people in general. In addition, it would have should be a demonstration that the SNCO is glad for and would anticipate endorsement from everyone. When all is said in done, the aftereffect of th e choice ought to be foreseen to be certain (Toner 2003). Now, the SNCO is sufficiently arranged to actualize the choice made due with. To guarantee that the choice made is grinding away, constant observing is fundamental. As it is basic practice, subordinates admire the pioneers and henceforth the SNCO has no other choice other than to advance a moral domain by compensating the individuals who maintain morals and rebuffing the individuals who contradict the code of morals. Moral dynamic is grounded on the capacity of a SNCO to think fundamentally. When deciphering a circumstance, one needs to think about the individual and hierarchical morals, something that includes basic reasoning and while considering the components that are applicable to the circumstance, a SNCO will understand that not all circumstances are furnished with plainly set arrangements and techniques on the most proficient method to deal with them. Inherently, for a moral choice to be made the SNCO’s basic believing should be locked in while deciding the suitable activity for a

CPW 2011 Closing Remarks and Variety Show

CPW 2011 Closing Remarks and Variety Show CPW officially begins tomorrow! Ive spent the past couple months planning the Closing Remarks and Variety Show taking place Saturday night you should definitely come if youre here for CPW. Details: CPW Closing Remarks and Variety Show Saturday, April 9, 2011 6:00-7:30pm (Doors open at 5:30pm) Kresge Auditorium Dean of Admissions Stu Schmill and the MIT Admissions Officers will give some closing thoughts, and there will be 7 really amazing acts at the show: Chorallaries (a cappella, co-ed) Jacob Sharpe (juggling) Bhangra (dance, Punjabi) MIT Cheerleading Team (dance, cheerleading) Logarhythms (a cappella, all-male) Ridonkulous (dance, hip-hop/modern) Live Music Connection Guitar-off (electric guitars, shredding) (For those that dont know, a cappella is basically making music with only voices, no instruments. Rockapella is probably one of the most famous examples of a cappella.) Kim actually used to be in the Chorallaries, and I used to be in the Logs (back in our undergrad days). These are, of course, just a sampling of the 60+ performing arts groups at MIT. There are also a lot of other cool performances going on throughout the weekend, like: Spring Greater Boston Invitational Songfest (all 10 MIT a cappella groups), Fri 6-8pm in 10-250 Wind Ensemble and Festival Jazz Ensemble Concert, Fri 7-9pm in Killian Hall (14W-111) Steel Pan Jamboree, Sat 12-2pm on the Student Center Steps (W20) Next Act Presents The Scarlet Pimpernel, Fri and Sat 7:45-10pm at Next House (500 Memorial Drive) Battle of the Bands, sponsored by the Live Music Connection, Sat 8-10pm, Lobdell Dining Hall (2nd Floor of the Student Center) (Click here for a full listing of the arts-tagged CPW events.) Anyways, come to the Closing Variety Show, and say hi to me at the CPW Registration/Help Desk, Student Welcome, Meet the Bloggers, and other stuff throughout the weekend! Have a safe trip, and well see you soon. Less than 20 hours til CPW begins!

Romeo And Juliet Comparison - 1210 Words

William Shakespeare s â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† have been remade countless of times, and each time in different ways. Most people are familiar with the tragedy of lovers known as Romeo and Juliet. Two interpretations of this story are the 2013 film by Carlo Carlei and the 2011 film by Kelly Asbury. The two movies have the same story line but are very different from each other. In the 2013 film known as Romeo and Juliet, the characters are the traditional version of the sonnet written from Shakespeare. Whereas the 2011 version, Gnomeo and Juliet, is a spin off Walt Disney version of the sonnet. In the two films they both have similar story lines, but with the main character, Romeo/Gnomeo, the language, romance, and ending is completely†¦show more content†¦In the balcony scene in Gnomeo, Juliet does most of the talking. Gnomeo doesn t have a lot of dialogue, whereas Juliet is the only one having a monologue. Juliet says in this scene, â€Å"Oh Gnomeo, Gnomeo, are we re ally doomed, Gnomeo, to never see each other again? Why must you wear a blue hat? Why couldn t it be red like my father, or... or green like a leprechaun? Or purple like, um... like, uh†¦ like some weird guy? I mean, what s in a gnome? Because you re blue, my father sees red, and because I m red, I m feeling blue. Oh. At any rate, that shouldn t be the thing to keep us apart, should it?† In this script, it is much easier to understand than the other film. The language still rhymes like the 2013 film, but still hard to understand. Unlike the language of Romeo and Juliet, the romance between the two is easy to follow along. Romance is a big part of â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†. In the 2013 film of Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is at first â€Å"in love† with Rosaline, and comes to the party of the Capulets to see her. He talks about how he likes her very much at the beginning of the film. It is not until then he spots Juliet. It’s love at first sight for the two. They learn to like each other exceptionally fast. Juliet takes Romeo to the side, where no one else is and they exchange kisses. Within the next day they speak of marriage of the two. They barely know each other and think they’re in love. Romeo and Juliet find a way to get married even. Romeo goes after herShow MoreRelatedHamlet and Romeo and Juliet Comparison2564 Words   |  11 Pagesrepresent the relationships between sexuality, gender and power? (Using Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet) ’The course of true love never did run smooth’ - This is the answer indeed. As well as this we come to understand that with the roughness of love comes indifferent sexualities, gender conflicts and powered bravados that entwine themselves into one big mess to indeed create the established plays we read today. Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet very much represent the themes of sexuality, gender and power throughRead MoreComparison Of Romeo And Juliet719 Words   |  3 PagesRomeo and Juliet Why the would not have been happy together Romeo and Juliet is a love story between and Capulet and a Montague. They fell in love and wanted to spend the rest of their life together. In the paragraphs below Romeo would do anything for Juliet but when she thinks she has the perfect plan to help them spend the rest of their life together doesn’t work things get crazy. After their plan backfires Romeo and Juliet both end of dead while there plan was to spend a happy life with eachRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Comparison Essay1079 Words   |  5 PagesIn the movie â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† they show a lot more emotion. In the beginning of the original movie when the Capulet put his thumb to his mouth and told the Montague it wasnt toward them they understood and didnt get bothered. The reaction in the modern version is different than the original movie because they reacted by getting super upset. They were so upset that they start to scream which causes commotion. This helps to show us the difference between the two ver sions and how one shows way moreRead MoreComparison Of Ballet In Romeo And Juliet721 Words   |  3 PagesThe Reason I Breath Is Because Of You Romeo Juliet This essay is about compare and contrast a pair of star-cross’d lovers Romeo Juliet’s similarities and differences of Expressions dance company and Prokofiev’s Ballet, such as, character roles, different in era’s visual setting, aural environment and performance space. Both are telling the same story are set in different contexts and eras. The theme of Romeo Juliet, which was conveyed by the choreography, music, lighting and costumes. TheRead MoreRomeo and Juliet Movie Comparison2714 Words   |  11 PagesIn Franco Zeffirelli’s 1968 version of  Romeo and Juliet, is a traditional adaptation of Shakespeare’s original Romeo and Juliet, with some variations. Baz Luhrmann directed the 1996 version, also known as the MTV  Romeo †  Juliet.  This version is very modernized, but keeps the language intact with few changes. There are many differences between Zeffirelli’s  Romeo and Juliet  and the Signet version of  Romeo and Juliet.  Romeo’s entire speech that begins â€Å"Alas that love, whose view is muffled still, ShouldRead MoreA Comparison of Mercutio and Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet Essays1251 Words   |  6 PagesA Comparison of Mercutio and Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet For this assignment I intend to write and discuss the differences and similarities of two characters portrayed in the play Romeo and Juliet. As well as describing and analysing them I will also show how these characters are presented in two adaptations of films by two different directors Zeffirelli and Lurhmann. These two characters are Mercutio and Tybalt; both characters play an important role as they both affect Read MoreRomeo and Juliet - Juliet, Film-Play Comparison926 Words   |  4 PagesExplore the ways in which Romeo and Juliet are presented in this scene and elsewhere in Shakespeare’s play, and the performed versions. Shakespeare’s play ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is set in Verona. The feud between the Montague family and the Capulet family reaches a climax when Juliet’s cousin Tybalt, a Capulet, is killed by Romeo, a Montague. Romeo and Juliet are first seen as very different characters, but later in the play, we realise that these two characters are not as different as we thoughtRead MoreA Comparison of the Two Film Versions of Romeo and Juliet1789 Words   |  8 PagesA Comparison of the Two Film Versions of Romeo and Juliet I have been studying the prologue to Romeo and Juliet written by the magnificent playwright, William Shakespeare sometime between 1594 and 1596. Still globally acknowledgedRead MoreA Comparison of Two Versions of Romeo and Juliet Essays1989 Words   |  8 PagesA Comparison of Two Versions of Romeo and Juliet In this essay the opening sequences of the two versions of Shakespeares disastrous love story, Romeo and Juliet have been compared. TheRead MoreComparison of Two Film Versions of Romeo and Juliet Essay733 Words   |  3 PagesComparison of Two Film Versions of Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare’s play ‘Romeo and Juliet’ was made into a film by two different directors. Baz Luhrmann’s to Franco Zeffirelli’s interpretation of Romeo and Juliet were very distinct and they both appeal to different age group audiences. Franco Zeffirelli’s version was the first film of Romeo and Juliet. It was produced in 1968 and it was quiet typical, exactly what the audience would have expected the film of ‘Romeo

Pride in Young Goodman Brown and The Ministers Black...

Pride in Young Goodman Brown and The Ministers Black Veil Many of Hawthornes characters wrap themselves in a pride of intellect. The characters become victims of their pride and consequently suffer. Goodman Brown, from Young Goodman Brown and Hooper, from The Ministers Black Veil are two characters that suffer from a pride of intellect. Their pride causes them similar problems and they end up living similar lives, although they came from different backgrounds. Hooper and Goodman Brown both become isolated from society. Hooper had a revelation, and he feels that he truly understands human nature and sin. However, he believes that he is above everybody else because he†¦show more content†¦The lack or trust trusting that Goodman Brown had separated him from the community because he was a strong Puritan and felt as though he could not associate devil worshipers. Brown, despairing and embittered, belongs neither to the Devils party nor to the only other life-sustaining cause he knows--that of the Puritan faith and the Puritan community(Levy,119). Hooper and Goodman Browns pride of intellect cause them to loose a loved one and their kind and loving nature. Hooper drives his fiance Elizabeth away by wearing the veil. Elizabeth sees how Hooper is separating himself and it scares her away from their purposed marriage. Hoopers fiancee, seems at first unawed by the veil. To her it is merely a cloth that hides the face she most delights to see. But, like a sudden twilight in the air, Elizabeth suddenly senses the unapproachable inner isolation of the man who wears it, and its terrors fall upon her, too(The Ministers Black Veil,228). As a result of Hooper pride, he looses his loving and kind nature. Hooper is shunned and even feared by the others in their times of health and happiness(The Ministers Black Veil,228). He concentrates so much on the negative aspects of people that he refuses to see the good in them. He makes the dark side of people the whole truth of human existence. His own kind and loving nature is lost forShow MoreRelatedNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown Essay1274 Words   |  6 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† the devil says, â€Å"Evil is the nature of mankind† (â€Å"Young† 627). Since Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit and attempted to hide conceal their sin from God, humans have tried to hide their sin from others. Although everyone sin is human nature, everyone has a different reaction to sin. While some acknowledge sin, others ignore it. In Hawthorne’s other short story, â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† Father Hooper wears a black veil to represent the sin he commitsRead MoreEssay Sin, Guilt, and the Mind of Nathaniel Hawthorne1490 Words   |  6 Pagesfamily and specific events in his life influenced his writing. Readers can easily recognize how Young Goodman Brown incorporates facts about his Puritan ancestors. Father H ooper in The Ministers Black Veil may be symbolically paralleled to Hawthornes ancestors, trying to hide a sin they have committed. His descendants remarks on him in The Custom House introduction to The Scarlet Letter mix pride in Hawthornes prominence and a sense of inherited guilt for his deeds as judge. Hawthornes guiltRead More Alienation and Moral Dilemma as Portrayed by Nathaniel Hawthorne1869 Words   |  8 Pageshis writing is alienation. These concepts can be found in the stories â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† and â€Å"The Birth Mark.† They are all about a life altering decision one must face and the consequences of that decision. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† the dilemma faced by the main character is about the strength of his faith in God and the trust he losses for his wife and community. In â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† a minister is struggling with his own sins and his fear of them beingRead MoreThe Sin Within Us All. Sin Is Everywhere Yet Nowhere At1400 Words   |  6 Pagesin Romans 3:23, â€Å"for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God.† Nathanial Hawthorne’s two literary pieces Young Goodman Brown and The Minister s Black Veil highlight the struggle of human inclination to constantly hide their own sin. The two stories are different in that Goodman Brown exposes the real (sinful) faces of his peers, but in â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† Hawthorne purposely hides the face of the minister and creates the idea that the exposed faces of all the other charactersRead MoreSin. Sin Is Everywhere Yet Nowhere At The Same Exact Time.1779 Words   |  8 Pagesin Romans 3:23, â€Å"for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God.† Nathanial Hawthorne’s two literary pieces Young Goodman Brown and The Minister s Black Veil highlight the struggle of human inclination to constantly hide their own sin. The t wo stories are different in that Goodman Brown exposes the real (sinful) faces of his peers, but in â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† Hawthorne purposely hides the face of the minister and creates the idea that the exposed faces of all the other charactersRead MoreTragic flaw in Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Birthmark† Essay1201 Words   |  5 PagesTragic flaw in Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Birthmark† In literature a tragic flaw refers in plain words when the main character ends up dead or defeated a characteristic feature of the heroes of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short stories, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil†, and â€Å"The Birthmark†. However this concept is even more extensive and best explained in terms of â€Å"Hamartia†. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica that word can be understood as an inherent defect in the hero of a tragedyRead MoreEarly American Literature Essay1511 Words   |  7 Pagesromanticism (Edgar). He used repeating themes in many of his stories that centered on the inherent evil and sin of humanity and his work often had a moral message and deep psychological complexity. A few examples would include, The Ministers Black Veil or Young Goodman Brown. For the first time in American history, readers were given a different perspective of the reality of life. Some of his works are said to have a gothic feel to them, which further illustrates how he is able to transform theRead More The Power of Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay3056 Words   |  13 Pagesbeing. He returned to Salem, living once again in the Manning house, to which his mother also had returned. He remained for the most part shut up in his room, writing. Most of his early attempts ended up in the fireplace, for Hawthorne had a peculiar pride mingled with shyness that caused him to reject anything he wrote which did not meet with success, although he was hesitant to seek to have his work published for fear of rejection. He sent a collection of short stories called Seven Tales of My Native

Is the Most Important Asset of an Organization Free Essays

Question : â€Å"Human Resource (employees) is the most important asset of an organization. † Introduction Traditionally, human resource focused mainly on administrative functions and process personnel management. However, due to technology advancement, administrative tasks have reduced. We will write a custom essay sample on Is the Most Important Asset of an Organization or any similar topic only for you Order Now The role of human resource has shifted and seems to be taking up more responsibility in company strategic planning and development. This theory has been supported in the work of Noe et al (2010, p. 719) Durai (2010, p. 109) stated, â€Å"Employees are the precious asset of an organization†. In view of this statement, human resource planning plays an important role to optimize the utilization of its asset in term of cost and productivity. Involvement with company’s strategic planning will allow human resource department to have a broader view of employees’ skill requirement and deployment. Ineffective planning will cause a hindrance to employee satisfactory and organization success. In this paper, we will study how the theory of compensation management, job rotation, recognition and training will motivate employees. Correspondence to these theories, organization will gain in productivity and profit once the employees are appeased with the working environment. Employee engagement with the organization Employees’ talent and efforts have tangible effects on an organization’s productivity and stability. And such efforts are often been neglected and fail to satisfy employees’ needs. When employees’ efforts are not recognized, there will be a lack of commitment to the organization. Thus, employees will not be motivated and will be less creative. Effectiveness of Compensation Management In order to facilitate the achievement of an organization’s goals and key values, compensation management plays an important role in human resource management function. Employees should be managed properly and motivated by providing the best compensation system based on the job done and its result. A good compensation system will attract and retain skilled and productive employees. (Pattanayak B, p. 284) According to Armstrong (2002, p. 8), the compensation system consists of a total remuneration of direct financial rewards (fixed wage and variable pay) and employee benefits (annual leave and sick leave). And, non-financial rewards such is job recognition, opportunities for career advancement and personal growth are also part of the compensation system. Diagram 2 shows the list of financial and non-financial rewards that an organization can apply under the compensation system. [pic] Noe et al. (2010, p. 547) mentioned that employees’ emotion and function towards the organization is mainly influence by the compensation payout. Difference in individual personal characteristic will draw people to different compensation systems. A great solution to compensate employees in the organization is to adapt combination program rather that one program over another. List of compensation programs are merit pay, incentive pay, profit sharing, ownership, gain sharing, and skill-based pay. Merit pay is one of the best rewarding compensation programs. Employees are measured and payout annually based on the individuals performance appraisal rated by employees’ supervisor. Many companies in Singapore are adapting this compensation program for their permanent staffs. Employees will be more motivated when their performances are recognized and their basic pay is increased. Another example of compensation program is incentive pay. Incentive pay is usually seen in organization with sales team that brings in revenue and profit that will gain market share for the company. Employees with higher performance will gain in such compensation program as they measured based on the amount of products or services sold and the payout is not part on the employee’s basic pay. Payment will be earned on a weekly or monthly basis depending on the organization’s policy. Once an individual is motivated by such monetary rewards, he will sell more products and services for the rganization. However, if the compensation program is not well planned, it will have a negative effect to the organization to support its business objectives. As mentioned in the article by Daly D (2009), skilled-based pay is the remuneration to payout employees with a better skilled knowledge that related to the job. Employees who have attained new skill and knowledge will be compensated m ore comparing to their co-colleagues. Taking an example of a technician in a manufacturing organization, he will be rewarded once he has completed the machine repair and maintenance program. In order for him to continue to be compensated with better basic pay, he has to continue to upgrade his skillsets. Once the employees’ market value has increased, he will be motivated to contribute more to the organization and improve productivity. Effectiveness of Job Rotation Recognition Apart from monetary rewards, job rotation has a function to motivate employees to enhance their skill knowledge and contribute more to the organization. Job rotation is systematic procedure whereby individual employee is shifted from current position or department to another in a given period of time. Employees will be multi skilled and able to support the organization when skillsets are required. When a job is less lifeless or monotonous, employees will perform better and improve productivity. Hence, employees will gain a promotion and increase their income. (Noe et al, p. 430) Effectiveness of Recognition Recognize and reward are exactly what the employees in the organization looking forward for a better growth in their career. The right motivation will influence the employees’ behavior and in return employees will achieve the organization’s goals and objective and strive for higher productivity. Once the employees are satisfied and feel rewarded, it is unlikely for them to leave the organization. Employees will dedicated their skill and time for the organization. Therefore, the management should always be enthusiastically recognizing the talented and hardworking individuals to create a healthier working environment for the employees to come to work happily every day. Effectiveness of Training and Development Engaging employees with training and development are the two fundamental components in an organization. Both training and development do co-exist, as training will provide the skillsets and knowledge for the employees’ needs in the job. Whereas, development is a process to prepare employees in gaining new skills and knowledge for forthcoming demand in the current job or a job that do not exist. When employees obtained new skills and knowledge, it will improve the quality of the work. Organization will take the opportunities to attract and retain talented employees to gain profits and productivity. This theory is support by Noe et al. (2010, p. 87) Conclusion Employees are still an integral part of a company, being important assets. They must be constantly motivated and rewarded financial or non-financial on effort done on the job. Thus, human resource management has to balance the needs and achieve the goals and objective of both employees and the organization. Once the employees gained the recognition from the organization, they will produce better results and profits. Reference Armstrong M, 2002: Employees Rewards, London: CIPD Publishing. Durai P, 2010: Human Resource Management, New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt Ltd. Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2010: Human Resource Management Gaining A Competitive Advantage, 7th Edition: New York, McGraw-Hill. Pattanayak B, 2006: Human Resource Management, 3rd Edition: New Delhi, Prentice Hall of India Private Limited. Daly D, 2009. Employee Relations, Motivation, Performance Management, DeGarmo Group. Available http://www. degarmogroup. com/index. php/2009/03/the-effectiveness-of-skill-based-pay-systems/ [1 Dec 2010] Own Referencing Employee reward Michael Armstrong CIPD Publishing, 2002 – 573 pages http://books. google. com/books? d=keiVwGxm3i0Cpg=PA363dq=financial+and+non+financial+rewardshl=enei=lELSTtXwHYLorQeht-XnDAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=snippetq=total%20remunerationf=false Durai P, Human Resource Management, Pearson Education India Page109 http://books. google. com. sg/books? id=cRAvCCsN2e0Cpg=PA109dq=what+the+point+on+human+resource+is+an+asset+to+organisationhl=enei=58zRTti1K9HnrAeGjOnGDAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=res ultresnum=3ved=0CEIQ6AEwAg#v=onepageq=what%20the%20point%20on%20human%20resource%20is%20an%20asset%20to%20organisationf=false pic] Ronel Kleynhans, Human Resource Management 2006 Page 6 Pearson South Africa, 1 Mar, 2006 – Business Economics – 310 pages http://books. google. com. sg/books? id=8_acBYy_77oCpg=PA6dq=HRM+-+employee+is+an+assethl=enei=bbHRTsf8LYHTrQf1pakwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw#v=onepageq=HRM%20-%20employee%20is%20an%20assetf=false Human Resource Management 3Rd Ed. Biswajeet Pattanayak PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. , 1 Mar, 2005 – 504 pages http://books. google. com/books? id=dF7G0yZ51GgCdq=compensation+managementa mp;source=gbs_navlinks_s [pic] Ultimate Small Business Marketing Guide James Stephenson, Courtney Thurman Entrepreneur Press, 4 Jan, 2007 – Business Economics – 478 pages http://books. google. com/books? id=algx60Sbqo0Cdq=training+program+to+motivatesource=gbs_navlinks_s Industrial/Organizational Psychology: An Applied Approach Michael G. Aamodt Striking a balance between research, theory, and application, the sixth edition of INDUSTRIAL/ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: AN APPLIED APPROACH http://books. google. com/books? id=TgE7zklRjHgCdq=training+program+to+motivatesource=gbs_navlinks_s David Daly http://www. egarmogroup. com/index. php/2009/03/the-effectiveness-of-skill-based-pay-systems/ Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Organization Behaviour Rahul Arora – 2000 – 573 pages – Full viewSarup Sons, 1 Jan, 2000 – 573 pages Recognition Reward Program Best Practices By Derek Irvine, Globoforce | April 15, 2011 http://www. hrmtoday. com/talent/human-resources-management/recognition-r eward-program-best-practices/ Make Their Day! Employee Recognition That Works: Proven Ways to Boost Morale, Productivity, and Profits Cindy Ventrice ReadHowYouWant. com, 6 Aug, 2010 – Business Economics – 336 pages How to cite Is the Most Important Asset of an Organization, Essay examples

South China Sea Dispute Essays - Foreign Relations,

South China Sea Dispute The Asian Conflict Without Resolution Celeste Jerez World Geography Prof. Adolfo Gonzales UAM College Abstract Many Asian countries have a territorial conflict over the South China Sea. In this paper, it will be stated which countries are among the ones with the conflict, why the conflict started and why after many years it hasn't ended. Territorial conflicts cannot be isolated only in geographical reasons, so also some cultural and historical aspects are considered to conduct the research. Also, the economic effects are taking into consideration because the most populated free trade zone in the world is in the same region as where the conflict is taking place. Keywords: Globalization, Free Trade, Asia, History, Geography. The Dispute To understand a geographical dispute, a cultural approach must be considered. Asian cultural practices are very conservative. Specially in China, people appre ciate the blessing of inherited land, and are very grateful to their ancestors. In China ancestor worship is a very common practice of Taoism, is based on the belief that previous generations of family continue to exist, and that these spirits can influence on the fortune of the living. (Nations Online) From this we can understand why China is so fed up with using the land they believe they have inherited. Geographically there are a lot of islands to the south of China, the number is difficult to calculate and only a few are inhabitable. These islands called the Spratly Islands were originally used just as a fishing territory, but later big reserves of oil and natural gas were found. The governments of the surrounding areas were quickly to act, and began claiming the territory as their own. The South China Sea dispute is a conflict in which 6 Asian countrie s are fighting for this territory . The countries that are currently on the conflict are China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Brunei and Vietnam. The main reason behind the conflict is the claim of the territory and the establishment of an Exclusive Economic Zone , with the purpose of establishing boundaries in international waters . The conflict is mainly between China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations or ASEAN . The claims by the disputing sides involved in the South China Sea dispute are based on historical facts of when the islands were discovered and the modern United Nations Convention of the Laws of the Sea or UNCLOS. All the countries are using both the UNCLOS and historical events to claim the terri tory before the United Nations. (BBC) China's claims are based mainly on hist orical evidence. According to the Chinese. Spratley and Paracel islands were discovered by them. Th e document that states the claim is calculated to be 1700 years old. But modern history has deprived the Chinese from all historical claims. China blames the conflict between superpowers and imperialism for the loss of the occupation of the islands, saying that events such as the cold war avert international conflicts from being resolved and add tension to the differences that Asian countries have. Vietnam has a similar situation to China, having habituated the land for many generations, the only proof they have of ever owning it is the continuous control and inheritance through many generations. Vietnam stablish a sovereignty with China over the dispute during its war with France and the United States, but in the early 70s relations deteriorated leading to the conflict. Malaysia's claims on the southern Spratley islands are merely geographically territorials, stating that the islands belong to their continental shelf. Philippines also states that the land is inside their contin ental shelf, but tries to base its argument on history as well, but in contrasts with China's and Vietnam's historical facts, the Philippines' claims are relatively modern. Indonesia also states that some islands are in their continental shelf. Brunei has claimed that according to the UNCLOS some islands belong to them, but has not officially presented any case nor evidence of why. (CFR) One important event in the timeline of the conflict was when China proposed the Set Aside Dispute and Cooperative Exploration Act, proposed by Li Peng, then Prime Minister of China in the 1990. The proposal did not sympathize with

Divine Horsemen essays

Divine Horsemen essays After viewing Maya Derens film Divine Horsemen: The Living Gods of Haiti, it is clear that Deren is depicting the beauty and power of the Haitian Voodoo ceremonies. We are able to experience this through narration explaining the different ceremonies, her focus on music of the ceremony, dance and her cinematography techniques giving you a better understanding of this practice. Any false perceptions that we have had about this mysterious religion in this traditional society she clearly clarifies. In American culture there are many false perceptions on the sociality of religion in other societies, the mere word conjures images of doll stuck with pins, evil zombies. This film completely shows that this way of life is exaggerated in Hollywood films. An example of a fiction film is The Serpent and the Rainbow. An anthropologist in the film goes to Haiti in search of a magic powder that will heal and make the dead walk. In his search he witnesses strange and bizarre incidents such as walking zombies, curses, live burial. Deren shows us the positive motivation behind the several ceremonies and the narration definitely helps understand that ceremonies are a way of communicating with the divine through several spirits or what they call Loa. In the film she shows a ceremony where a man dressed in white that is dancing to the drums being played by another man is surrounded by other persons who are singing. He then starts to gyrate as if he was having an epileptic seizure, swinging his hands and the camera continues to do a close-up on him to the point where you see how his eyes looked, as if something had hypnotized him or he was being controlled by a spirit. This was the ceremony for the Loa Legba. The narration explains that Legba is the god of the crossroads and is very important to the Haitians as he is given the ultimate respect that is displayed when the people all move back and give him space so that he can bring...

10 Facts About Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

10 Facts About Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) RNA or ribonucleic acid is used to translate instructions from DNA to make proteins in your body. Here are 10 interesting and fun facts about RNA. Each RNA nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate.Each RNA molecule typically is a single strand, consisting of a relatively short chain of nucleotides. RNA can be shaped like a single helix, a straight molecule, or may be bet or twisted upon itself. DNA, in comparison, is double-stranded and consists of a very long chain of nucleotides.In RNA, the base adenine binds to uracil. In DNA, adenine binds to thymine. RNA does not contain thymine - a uracil is an unmethylated form of thymine capable of absorbing light. Guanine binds to cytosine in both DNA and RNA.There are several types of RNA, including transfer RNA (tRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). RNA performs many functions in an organism, such as coding, decoding, regulating, and expressing genes.About 5% of the weight of a human cell is RNA. Only about 1% of a cell consists of DNA.RNA is found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of humans cells. DNA is only found in the cell nucl eus. RNA is the genetic material for some organisms which dont have DNA. Some viruses contain DNA; many only contain RNA.RNA is used in some cancer gene therapies to reduce the expression of cancer-causing genes.RNA technology is used to suppress the expression of fruit ripening genes so that fruits can remain on the vine longer, extending their season and availability for marketing.Friedrich Miescher discovered nucleic acids (nuclein) in 1868. After that time, scientists realized there were different types of nucleic acids and different types of RNA, so there is no single person or date for the discovery of RNA. In 1939, researchers determined RNA is responsible for protein synthesis. In 1959, Severo Ochoa won the Nobel Prize in Medicine for discovering how RNA is synthesized.

Commentary on Accounting Ratios Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Commentary on Accounting Ratios - Research Paper Example This means newer businesses will generally have lower ROCE as compared to older businesses due to the depreciated amount of its assets. Additionally, the number of years that both Dairy Crest and its close competitor have been in business is unclear. The revenue of Dairy Crest is up by almost 20% in 2008, resulting in Operating Profit Margin of 6%. This result is on par with its competitor. However, the improvement may have been attributed by the twofold increase in Dairy Crest's other income, of which the breakdown has not been disclosed. Given the equal result, it can be said that the competitor may be new in the market since its ROCE is way lower than that of Dairy Crest. In fact, the company's Gross Margin Profit is down from 4.6% in 2007 to only 3.9% in 2008, whereas its competitor's is 25.7%. Looking at Dairy Crest's consolidated income statement, its operating cost is up by almost 21% while its revenue increased only by about 20%. Also, there may be some differences in the pricing strategy adopted by the two companies, which explains the big gap in the margin. The company's Asset Turnover Ratio is slightly better at 1.8 times in 2008, while its competitor is at 1.9 times. The higher revenue in 2008 means Dairy Crest is utilising its assets more. Assuming its competitor is new in the business, this result shows Dairy Crest is not performing as well as its competitor. It appears that Dairy Crest has better control of its stocks with a drop in its Stock Turnover of 38.6 days in 2008 against 43.1 days in 2007. As food stocks are perishable items, it is advisable not to hold them for too long. Dairy Crest's move to bring its stock holding period down by 10% is wise. While its competitor holds stocks 46 days in 2008, it is unclear if this is due to uncertainty in suppliers, as the high levels seem unnecessary based on industry. The Current Ratio of Dairy Crest in 2008 is 1.4, an improvement from 1.0 in 2007. This shows the company's financial position is healthier. However, its competitor's Current Ratio of 0.8 in 2008 seems risky, as

Goyas Ghost's Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Goyas Ghost's - Movie Review Example As the French were allies, their troops were welcomed with open arms despite the diplomatic unease that was transpiring between the two countries. The official warfare started when in February 1808, Napoleon ordered the French commanders to capture key fortresses which would allow the country to gain dominance over its former ally. On 29th February, Barcelona was conquered by French and soon the Spanish power began to decline. Whenever there is a war, there are crimes, atrocities, some of which are recorded while the others are lost in time. There were innumerable incidents of bloodshed, torture, and rape along with other war crimes. Much of this was captured in the art of printmaker Francis Goya. The ‘Disasters of War’ is a collection of 82 prints made by Goya, which depicts the war along with its gory details. The prints are seen by many as a protest against the war. Another collection of Goya, painted between 1819 and 1820 represents his desolate outlook of humanity d ue to the things he had seen and experienced during the Peninsula war. These paintings became the inspiration for a movie released in 2006 by the name of Goya’s Ghosts. The movie Goya’s Ghosts directed by Milos Forman in 2006 presents the Spanish region during the War. The most important characters of the movie are Lorenzo, Ines, and Goya. Out of the three characters, only Goya existed in reality. The others are fictitious characters created only to present the movie through Goya’s perspective. Most of the focus during the movie is, however, not on Goya but rather on Lorenzo, Ines and other characters through which lives of the people during the war are represented. The movie depicts how the lives of even those who were not directly linked with the warfare were deeply affected. The whole generations were swept into poverty which forced them to enter the professions which they would not normally dream of. This is shown by the character of Ines who is first impris oned by the Catholic Church, which inflicts pain on her while she is naked.           

The North Face Inc Accounting Essay

The North Face Inc Accounting Essay Financial accountants and independent auditors commonly face challenging technical and ethical dilemmas while carrying out their professional responsibilities. This case profiles an accounting and financial reporting fraud orchestrated by the chief financial officer (CFO) of a major public company and his subordinates. The CFO, who was a CPA, took extreme measures to conceal the fraud from his companys audit committee and independent auditors. Despite those measures, the independent auditors identified suspicious entries in the companys accounting records that were a result of the CFOs fraudulent scheme but did not properly investigate those items. Shortly before the fraud was publicly revealed, a partner of the companys audit firm instructed his subordinates to alter prior year audit workpapers for the client to conceal improper decisions made by himself and his firm. History Hap Klopp founded North Face in the mid-1960s to provide a ready source of hiking and camping gear. In 1970, North Face began designing and manufacturing its own line of products after opening a small factory in nearby Berkeley. In 1980, North Face began sponsoring mountain-climbing expeditions across the globe. And North Face became the only supplier in the United States to offer a comprehensive collection of high-performance outerwear, skiwear, sleeping bags, packs and tents. Challenges Sales Growth vs. Quality Control By the mid-1980s, North Faces overburdened manufacturing facilities could not satisfy the steadily growing demand for the companys merchandise or maintain the high quality production standards established by management. New Era In July 1996, a new management team took North Face public, listing the companys common stock on the NASDAQ exchange. The management team established a goal of reaching annual sales of $1 billion by 2003. Later when the actual revenues and profits of North Face failed to meet managements expectations, the companys chief financial officer (CFO) and vice president of sales booked a series of fraudulent sales transactions. Barter for Success at North Face In December 1997, North Faces CFO Christopher Crawford negotiated a $7.8 million sale of excess inventory to a barter company in exchange for trade credits. Crawford knew that the authoritative accounting literature generally precluded the recognition of revenue on such transactions. Crawford, however, structured the transaction to recognize a profit on the trade credits. An Oral Side Agreement Crawford required the barter company to pay a portion of the trade credits in cash. To further obscure the true nature of the large barter transaction, Crawford split it into two parts. 1. On December 29,1997, a $5.15 million sale recorded($3.51 million in cash $1.64 million trade credit) 2. On January 8, 1998, the remaining $2.65 million portion of the barter transaction was booked. Consignments In the third and fourth quarters of fiscal 1998, Todd Katz, North Faces vice president of sales, arranged two large sales to inflate the companys revenues, transactions that were actually consignments rather than consummated sales. The first of these transactions involved $9.3 million of merchandise sold to a small, apparel wholesaler in Texas. Katz negotiated a similar $2.6 million transaction with a small California wholesaler a few months later. Erasing the Past Richard Fiedelman served for several years as the advisory partner for the North Face audit engagement and during early 1998 served for a brief time as the audit engagement partner. During the 1997 audit, the Deloitte audit engagement partner proposed an adjustment to reverse the portion of the $7.8 million barter transaction recorded in December 1997 because he realized that the profit could not be recognized on a barter transaction when the seller is paid exclusively in trade credits. The Deloitte audit partner passed on the proposed adjustment since it did not have a material effect on North Faces 1997 financial statements. While supervising the review of North Faces financial statements for the first quarter of 1998, Fiedelman allowed the company to improperly recognize profit on a portion of the $7.8 million barter transaction booked in January 1998 for which North Face was paid exclusively in trade credits. During the planning phase of the 1998 audit, Fiedelman convinced the new audit engagement partner that the prior year workpapers were wrong and that the previous audit partner had not concluded that it was not permissible for North Face to recognize profit on the 1997 portion of the barter transaction that involved strictly trade credits. As a result of Fiedelmans guidance, the new audit partner did not propose an adjustment to reverse the January 1998 portion of the barter transaction that had been approved by Fiedelman. Fiedelmans subordinates altered the 1997 workpapers to change the conclusion expressed by the 1997 audit engagement partner that North Face was not entitled to record profit on a sales transaction in which it was paid entirely in trade credits. Consequences The SEC sanctioned North Faces CFO, the companys vice-president of sales, and Richard Fiedelman for their roles in the North Face fraud. Questions 1. Should auditors insist that their clients accept all proposed audit adjustments, even those that have an immaterial effect on the given set of financial statements? Defend your answer. No. Clients are not prone to adopting auditors proposed audit adjustments, which forces auditors to somehow determine on an aggregate basis the impact that proposed and/or passed audit adjustments have on a clients financial statements. The most common reason for a client not to make a proposed audit adjustment is that the client disagrees with the need for the given adjustment. We dont want to see that audit engagements ultimately become a tug-of-war between client management and auditors over proposed audit adjustments. 2. Should auditors take explicit measures to prevent their clients from discovering or becoming aware of the materiality thresholds used on individual audit engagements? Would it be feasible for auditors to conceal this information from their audit clients? Yes. To the greatest extent possible, auditors should not provide clients with access to the critical parameters or facets of audit engagements, including materiality limits. According to this case, the CFO used the materiality to subvert the integrity of the entire audit engagement. It is often not feasible to conceal information such as materiality limits from client personnel. For example, auditors always have client personnel pull documents, prepare various schedules to which audit procedures will be applied, and perform other important audit-related tasks. In completing these tasks, client personnel can often determine the auditors intent and/or the scope or materiality limit of a given audit test. Likewise, clients have access to the professional auditing literature and professional publications that discuss the general guidelines that auditors use in making important strategic decisions during the course of an audit, including the selection of materiality limits for individual accounts or financial statement items. 3. Identify the general principles or guidelines that dictate when companies are entitled to record revenue. How were these principles or guidelines violated by the $7.8 million barter transaction and the two consignment sales discussed in this case? According to FASB 605 Revenue Recognition Revenues and gains are realized when products (goods or services), merchandise, or other assets are exchanged for cash or claims to cash. Revenues are considered to have been earned when the entity has substantially accomplished what it must do to be entitled to the benefits represented by the revenues. Generally, barter transactions in which a company receives trade credits in exchange for merchandise should be recorded at the fair value of the merchandises given up since the ultimate realizability or economic value of the trade credits is typically not determinable at the time of the exchange. So, even though the exchange element of the revenue recognition principle is satisfied by such a transaction, the realized element is not necessarily satisfied, meaning that any profit on the transaction should be deferred. In the case at hand, there was clearly some question as to the fair value of the excess merchandise that was being sold to the barter company. A conservative treatment of the transaction might have dictated that a loss or writedown of the merchandise was actually the most appropriate accounting treatment for the transaction. FASB 605-15-25 Sales of Product when Right of Return Exists prohibits a seller from recognizing revenue (or profit, of course) when the given customer can return the product and the ultimate payment to be received by the seller hinges on the customer reselling the product. Both features of the revenue recognition rule were violated by the decision of North Face to record the large consignment sales: there was not a true exchange since the two customers did not pay for the merchandise and the given transactions were not finalized until the customers resold the merchandise, meaning that the realized requirement of the revenue recognition rule had not been satisfied. 4. Identify and briefly explain each of the principal objectives that auditors hope to accomplish by preparing audit workpapers. How were these objectives undermined by Deloittes decision to alter North Faces 1997 workpapers? According to AICPA AU Section 339. 03, audit documentation serves mainly to: a. Provide the principal support for the auditors report, including the representation regarding observance of the standards of fieldwork, which is implicit in the reference to generally accepted auditing standards. b. Aid the auditor in the conduct and supervision of the audit. Both of these objectives were undercut by the decision of the Deloitte auditors to alter North Faces 1997 audit workpapers. First, by modifying the 1997 workpapers and not documenting the given revisions in those workpapers, the Deloitte auditors destroyed audit evidence, evidence that demonstrated that the 1997 audit team had properly investigated the authoritative literature relevant to barter transactions and proposed an audit adjustment consistent with the requirements of that literature. Second, the alteration of the 1997 workpapers affected the decisions made on the 1998 audit. That is, the auditors during the 1998 audit relied on the apparent decisions made during the 1997 audit and thus reached an improper decision on the accounting treatment that would be appropriate for the barter transaction recorded by North Face in January 1998. 5. North Faces management teams were criticized for strategic blunders that they made over the course of the companys history. Do auditors have a responsibility to assess the quality of the key decisions made by client executives? Defend your answer. Yes. Major strategic blunders by client management can create an environment in which client executives and their key subordinates have a strong incentive to distort their entitys accounting records and financial statements. More generally, the overall quality of top managements decisions affects the inherent risk present during a given audit. Event though assessing the quality of key decisions made by client executives is not often seen as an explicit audit procedure within an audit program, auditors need to be aware that the competence of top management and the wide-ranging implications of that competence to all facets of an audit.

Make-believe plays

Make-believe plays are fundamental and vital elements in the overall development of the child. These are fantasy or imaginary plays in children usually between ages two and six, in which children practise their acquired knowledge of every day life and activities; they begin to play roles and mimic adult behavior as ways of thinking over what they have seen older people around them do. These plays contribute to the mental and emotional developments of children. Really all the developmental tendencies of the child are condensed in the plays. Make believe plays contribute to the formation of schemata; creating a mirror through which they see and interpret events and human interactions within the locality. In this way, the imaginative ability of this child is built. Apart from this, these fantasies plays help in their intellects and learning. Children who engage in them tend to envision imaginary things easier, they can create understanding pictures faster and their learning speed is faster. This is simply because these plays help develop their thinking and imaginary faculties, and learning is more pleasurable. Besides, role taking and sharing in these plays create a sense of belonging; this is the foundation for every human relationship. Although, they start first as solitary actor/actress, they soon realize the need to involve others. This helps them to understand the place of involving other people in their daily activities and achievements. This creates a connection between children. This way, a viable social life is incorporated to the growth process of the child, and this would continue into adulthood. Children use these means to try behaviors. They test what they have learnt and seen. This helps them master such and create a feeling of control over such. However, there are unfavorable concepts as death, fear, rejection, injury, incorporated into their plays, with a view to expressing such; thus, they develop significant control over these formidable threats.[Singer, 1996] Indeed, make-believe play is a creative way by which children develop their mental state, test their knowledge of life, try out behaviors and emotions, and engage in conversations with others. It is an essential part of their development. REFERENCES Singer, Dorothy, coauthor of The House of Make-Believe: Children's Play and the Developing Imagination   

Communication Is A Poor Understanding Of Communication Essay

We already have the basic skills that it takes to make everyday communication possible. After all, it’s something we’ve picked up on over time simply by listening and observing others. So why go the extra mile to learn more about something we have been doing since as long as we can remember? I have found that the answer is a lot simpler than one might expect. As we know communication is inescapable, we spend between 80 – 90% of our waking hours doing it. [4] Sadly, much of it is misinterpreted due to a poor understanding of proper communication skills. I believe that advancing our knowledge of communication will help to minimize these misinterpretations and maximize efficiency in all aspects of life. That said, communication is a far more complicated subject than I had ever imagined. Luckily its framework can be narrowed down into five principles: (1) be aware of your communication with yourself and others, (2) effectively use and interpret verbal messages, (3) effectively use and interpret nonverbal messages, (4) Listen and respond thoughtfully to others, and (5) appropriately adapt messages to others - each of which can be further broken down into subcategories. [4] I will be using these principles to break down the areas of communication I feel are my strong and weak points. To do so we must understand at least the most basic aspects in each. Keep in mind that when we describe ourselves, whether it’s how we look physically or our interior identities, we are to someShow MoreRelatedCommunication Barriers in the Workplace1113 Words   |  4 PagesCommunication barriers in the workplace Communication is the conveyance and flow of ideas from one person to another. The exchange of information takes place through letters, words, symbols and nonverbal behaviors. 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Communication And Rework A considerable amount of research has identified poor communication as accounting for rework (Love et al., 1999; Love, 2002b; Fayek et al., 2003; Love and Smith, 2003; Love and Edwards, 2004a; Love et al., 2004; Palaneeswaran, 2006; Hwang

The Application of Erik Eriksons Theories Essay - 2325 Words

Erik Erikson was a researcher of the Psychodynamic perspective who lived through the years 1902 to 1994. He developed a theory that dealt with the stages of human development and was referred to as a Neo-Freudian. A Neo-Freudian are those â€Å"who have revised Sigmund Freud’s theory† (Massey, 1986). His theory argued that â€Å"both society and culture challenge and shape us† (Feldman, 2011). Erik Erikson’s theory of psychological development does not specify specific ages, so the age categories can only be guessed upon. It is my personal thought that this was a smart move due to different age milestones for different cultures. The essay titled Erik Erikson: Ages, stages, and stories argues that the stages â€Å"are organized into a system of†¦show more content†¦If the individual’s needs are not met in this stage the individual will most likely develop a mistrust that will hamper relationship in the future. The relationship between pare nt and caregiver is vital. â€Å"It is during the first months of life that the baby comes to trust or not, to have faith or not. Whether trust and faith are developed has direct implications for identity formation† (Goodwin, 1998) The goal of this stage is to gain ‘Hope’. Our subject Belinda was born prematurely on May 23, 1990. During the early part of life the subject was very sickly as an infant. This did not seem to effect Belinda’s formation of Trust. According to the subject’s mother, Patricia Hickman, Belinda was â€Å"a very trusting and happy baby, besides being colic.† (P. Hickman, personal communication, May 29, 2011). Early Childhood: Autonomy v. Shame. Early Childhood is roughly from 18 months to 3 years. During early childhood, the second stage of Erikson’s theory manifests; this stage is called Autonomy v. Shame. In this stage, â€Å"the psycho social theme of autonomy-shame and doubt is manifested during toddlerhood and leads to self-will or will-power.† (Ginsburg, 1992) If all the needs of the individual are met at this stage they develop a feeling of self-control and power over themselves. If the individual’s needs are not met in this stage they tend to develop feelings of shame and doubt in themselves. â€Å"If individualsShow MoreRelatedErik Erikson s Psychosocial Theory On Child Development1388 Words   |  6 PagesErik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory on Child Development Erik Erikson, a well known developmental theorist, developed his theory about stages of human development from birth to death by using Freud s work as a starting point. According to Erikson, personality develops in a series of stages. Erikson found out that children experience conflicts which affect their development. He described the internal conflict which children go through in developmental stages using the term ‘crisis’ and are based onRead MoreApplication Of The Personality Theories Developed By Erik Erikson And Raymond Cattell1724 Words   |  7 PagesApplication of the Personality Theories Developed by Erik Erikson and Raymond Cattell â€Å"Personality is made up of the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique. It arises from within the individual and remains fairly consistent throughout life† (Cherry, 2014). My personality is influenced from my specific circumstances, my upbringing, and it is represented best through the theorists of Erik Erikson and Raymond Cattell. In specific circumstances my behaviorRead MoreIndustry Vs Inferiority Or Albert Bandura Social Learning Theory And Self-Adolency1444 Words   |  6 Pagesyou think is more complete in describing what it takes for the grade school child to develop mastery and competence, Erik Erikson Industry versus inferiority or Albert Bandura social learning theory and self-efficacy. Industry vs inferiority is stage four of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. Industry versus inferiority is the fourth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development. If the child cannot develop the specific skill they feel society is demanding (e.g., beingRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Development Essay1635 Words   |  7 PagesMany theories have been written on the subject of human development. Each theory has been further postulated and dissected to include: social, emotional, mental, and biological development. Many theoretical approaches and frameworks have been formulated to offer possible explanations for human behavior. It is paramount for social workers to have a working knowledge of these various theoretical approaches in order to identify and assess their client’s needs effectively. Theories provide basic hypothesesRead MoreLiterature Review On Adolescent Identity Development1141 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment models develop ed for LGBTQ populations. In this report, I will analyze the works of the Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development, James Marcia’s Identity Status Theory, as well as the products of other researchers, such as William James and James Cote, who took these theories even further (Adelson, 1980). I am particularly interested understanding what needs to be adjusted in developmental theories for unrepresented populations, in this case sexual minorities. The report is outlined byRead MoreAdolescence Is A Critical Time For A Human1405 Words   |  6 Pages Many theories have been established in regard to development focusing on the psychosocial, moral, and faith development of the human. These theories can simply be viewed as offering a lens to study human development and why the development is important for the outcome of a one’s mental health. The following is a comparison and contrast of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory, Lawrence Kohlbergâ€⠄¢s Theory of Moral Development, and James Fowler’s Theory of Faith Development. Each theory emphasizesRead MorePsy/405 Klein vs. Erikson Debate Essay960 Words   |  4 PagesToler Roxanne - In this debate we are going to argue the applications of Melanie Klein’s Objection Relations Theory and Erik Erikson’s Post-Freudian Theory in regards to their describing of individual personality characteristics along with interpersonal relations. Team Klein will begin the debate: Jessica - On the positive aspects of Klein’s object theory on individual personality characteristics is how an infant’s experience can shape their future personalityRead MoreThe Theory Of Development Concepts And Applications By William Crain1076 Words   |  5 Pageschildren  that my wife had, and enjoyed.   I of course got the play-by-play from her, but in hind sight, I was deprived of so many beautiful observations.   Our text Theories of Development Concepts and Applications by William Crain  outlines human development by many theorists.   A few of those are  John Bowlby,  Mary D.S. Ainsworth,  and  Ã‚  Erik H. Erikson.   I couldn t help but reminisce about the stages of my own children’s  growth while reading the work of Bowlby, Ainsworth and Erikson.   I remember havingRead MoreErikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Development Report1750 Words   |  7 Pagespsychosocial theory of development was formulised by the German psychoan alyst Erik Erikson. His theory considers the impact of external factors, parents, and the society, on personality development from childhood to adulthood (Candida, 2010, p. 51). According to Erikson’s theory, every person must pass through a series of eight interconnected stages (split into general age ranges) over their entire life cycle. In this assignment, I will discuss these eight stages of development and how Erikson’s theoryRead MoreEcological Systems Theory By Urie Bronfenbrenner1556 Words   |  7 PagesEcological Systems Theory The Ecological Systems Theory was founded by Urie Bronfenbrenner. This theory focuses on the impact of the environment on a child’s overall development. The identifying characteristics of Bronfenbrenner’s theory are the five systems used to organize external influences within a child’s development. These systems are the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem. Each system is aligned with specific interaction levels. The microsystem is considered

The Marxist Crime Perspective on Juvenile Delinquency of...

Introduction Countless studies from respected sociologists, criminologists, and psychologists have suggested several theories as to why juvenile delinquency exists. The theory this paper uses to explain juvenile delinquency is the Marxist perspective of the Conflict Theory. What this paper seeks to achieve is to show how this theory is conceptualized, how it causes juvenile delinquency particularly for African Americans, statistics on African American juveniles, and why it could lead to a life of crime as juveniles transition into adulthood. In addition to this, the government will be examined on how it uses the legal system, law enforcement, and certain officials to control most of the population and contribute to this problem. Lastly,†¦show more content†¦Jobs are the means used by the working class to acquire the basic necessary resources to survive--such as food, water, and shelter for their families. According to Quinney (1977), when the lower classes are unable to earn an honest da y’s work or lose their jobs, after a period of time, they finally break down from the pressure and resort to crime to support themselves and their loved ones. Children, seeing the struggles of their parents, then follow in their footsteps leading to juvenile delinquency and later these same children, as adults, become more susceptible to crime. Allen, Latessa, and Ponder (2010) state that a juvenile delinquent is a child that has committed a criminal act that if the same act were committed by an adult, that adult would be punished, but the child is rehabilitated instead. The child’s behavior, under the law, would subject that child to the juvenile court where the child would become a ward of the court, subject to its discretion. Allen et al (2010) propose that there were three categories of juveniles that are: status offenders, who are offenders that violated some regulation that an adult would not be punished for; children, who committed crimes who would be punished if an adult had committed them; and finally, unruly juveniles,Show MoreRelatedEssay on The Marxist Crime Perspective of Conflict Theory1895 Words   |  8 Pagespsychologists have suggested several theories as to why juvenile delinquency exists. The theory this paper uses to explain for juvenile delinquency is the Marxist perspective of the Conflict Th eory. What this paper seeks to achieve is to show how this theory is conceptualized, how it causes juvenile delinquency particularly for African Americans, statistics on African American juveniles, and why it could lead to a life of crime as juveniles transition into adulthood. In addition to this, the governmentRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture

Dark Matter a Basic Understanding Free Essays

Dark Matter: A Basic Understanding Introduction Many people, from the inquisitive, to those involved in the astronomical sciences have questioned the existence of Dark Matter. While it is called many things today, I will continue to refer to this unseen substance by its original name, Dark Matter. As it is still a theory being researched today to validate its existence and make-up, the discovery of dark matter was first presented to the world some time ago by two very intelligent astronomers. We will write a custom essay sample on Dark Matter: a Basic Understanding or any similar topic only for you Order Now In coming to understand this matter, some of the most common questions we find ourselves asking are: What is it? And, How was it discovered? The most difficult question we all seem to face is â€Å"Does it really exist? † While quite tricky, this question is one that each of us have to conclude an answer to on our own. Therefore to start, I will address the more common questions first, and then I will provide my own answer to the question of its existence. Dark Matter: What is it? When first being introduced to Dark Matter, the first question we find ourselves asking is what is it? In and out of the scientific community dark matter is commonly referred to as â€Å"the source of extra gravity,† or the â€Å"mysterious form of matter that is unseen. A more refined scientific definition for dark matter is â€Å"a nonluminous, undetectable, invisible material in the universe that makes up about 70%-80% of its mass. † In short, dark matter is an unseen form of material that contains its own gravity which affects its surrounding materials; i. e. gases, stellar, and celestial bod ies. With truly dedicated astronomers and cosmologists focused on the structure and composition of the cosmos, this brings me to explaining how this invisible matter called â€Å"dark matter† was discovered. Dark Matter: How Was It Discovered? In 1932 and 1933, astronomers Jan Hendrick Oort and Fritz Zwicky were the first to postulate the idea of the existence of dark matter. In studying the stellar motions of stars within the galactic plane of the Milky Way galaxy, Astronomer Jan Oort observed that the rotational velocity of stars on this outermost part of the galaxy (galactic plane) was actually increasing versus decreasing. This in itself presented a reason to question this stellar movement further since, based on Newton’s law of gravity, the rotational velocity of stars should steadily decrease the further they are from the galactic center. Oort continued his observations on stellar motions, while astronomer Fritz Zwicky carried out his studies and observations on galactic clusters and how they remained gravitationally bound. During Zwicky’s observations, here is where dark matter was discovered on a much more massive scale. Through Zwicky’s research, he found that there needed to be 10 times as much mass as observed in the form of visible light in order to keep galaxies clustered together. This observation was clear to Zwicky, as it had been to Oort, that there was a large sum of mass existing within the cosmos that was simply â€Å"non-visible. At this point, astronomers simply referred to this material as â€Å"missing mass. † Being that the peculiar stellar movement counters Newton’s law of gravity, and occurs in the outermost part of the galaxy known as â€Å"galaxy halo’s,† both Oort and Zwicky hypothesized that this â€Å"dark matter† must exist in a spherical for m that enshrouds the outermost part of galaxies, thus keeping them from flying apart. In understanding how this matter was discovered, this brings me to the final and most important question, and that is determining if it really exists. Dark Matter: Does It Really Exist? The evidence supporting the existence of dark matter today is very convincing, yet in the scientific community, it is still a theory. Giving a definite answer as to whether it exists is solely up to the individual. Despite this, astronomers are continuing to find more convincing information that supports the dark matter theory. For instance, an August 2012 article published in â€Å"Science News Today,† discussed evidence of dark matter filaments (fibers or threads of dark matter) discovered by astronomer Jorg Dietrich and his colleagues. Dietrich and his colleague’s x-ray observations of a pair galaxy clusters called Abell 222/223, revealed a ribbon of hot gas between the clusters. This, along with the galaxies distorted shapes and how light was bent was the first hint of the presence of dark matter. Continued observation of the galaxy clusters revealed a thick cord of invisible matter with a mass comparable to that of a small galaxy cluster. Dietrich states that gas can account for only about 9 percent of that mass, dark matter appears to make up the rest. Conclusion: In understanding that dark matter is an unseen material which contains its own gravity, the theory alone provides a unique way of understanding the structure of our universe. Most importantly, the work of astronomer’s Jan Oort and Fran Zwicky set the stage for astronomers to seek out and understand possible unseen forces at work within our cosmos. This is exactly what astronomer J. Deitrich and his colleague’s did. While there is a host of significant evidence supporting the theory of dark matter, Deitrich and his colleague’s evidence was eye-opening. In concluding if it actually exists, in my opinion its presence is already confirmed. Works Cited Jones, Andrew, and Daniel Robbins. â€Å"The Universe’s Dark Matter and Dark Energy, String theory for dummies. † Dummies. com. Dummies. biz. 2012. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. NASA. What is Dark Matter? Washington: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 23 Feb. 2012. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. Powell, Devin. â€Å"Dark Matter Filament Illuminated. † Science News Magazine 11 Aug. 2012: 9+. Print. White, Mark. â€Å"Rotation Curves. † Berkeley Astronomy Department. University of California at Berkeley. 2011. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. How to cite Dark Matter: a Basic Understanding, Essay examples

Managing Motivation in a Difficult Economy free essay sample

â€Å"Organizational Behaviorâ€Å" Case Study â€Å"Managing Motivation in a Difficult Economy† Question 1: Based on the five management systems introduced by Claussen, the dependent and independent variables are as follows: Independent Variable * Age * Tenure * Management style * Area * Job satisfaction Dependent Variable * Turnover rate * Sales Profit * Employees productivity| From above it can be noticed that there are different independent variables that affect the dependent variables.Age has an impact on the turnover rate, sales and productivity; it has been perceived that older employees are more experienced, can provide better feedback, have a strong work ethic, commitment to quality, lower rate of absence, and are generally more satisfied of their work. But at the same time they lack flexibility and resistance to new technology. Tenure is positively related to both productivity and job satisfaction and negatively related to turnover and absente eism; when age and tenure are treated separately, tenure is considered a more stable consistent predictor of job satisfaction than age. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Motivation in a Difficult Economy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Management Style has also an impact on our dependent variables, the more the employees feel engaged, empowered, participate in decision making (even if it is an indirect participation), and the more management is open, fair, transparent, supportive, shares information and provides clear communication messages, interacts with staff; the more the employees are satisfied with their jobs which will eventually lead to less turnover and more productivity. In addition to above Area as an independent variable contributes to the dependent variables; urban areas are most likely to have a younger force on average, whereas rural areas the workforce is older in average. Job satisfaction, could be considered either a dependent or an independent variable depending on the hypothesis. In our case we are considering job satisfaction as an independent variable based on the statement â€Å"increases in job satisfaction lead to reduced turnover and increase in productivity†.Question 4: a. Although program V has been selected by the majority of stores (87) followed by program I (83 stores), but still this does not influence our conclusion on the effectiveness of the five introduced programs, the more important factors that need to be taken into consideration are the average turnover and profit. When looking at the average turnover rate, program IV scored the lowest turnover rate 17%, followed by program V (scored 21%).Whereas when comparing t he weekly profit per month, Program V scored the highest profit $14,000, followed by program IV $ 13,000. Despite the fact that the monthly staff time cost for program V ($2,750) was much higher than the one related to program I, II and III, still program V managed to retain the highest net profit as shown in the below chart . B. Enabling Mangers to select their specific program, makes them feel more involved, engaged and participating in decision making which are considered as important elements for any job satisfaction.On the other hand managers may have different objectives views (bias) that could affect the intended results. If only one program has been chosen a clearer analysis could have been conducted, as for the current case the different variables are causing different results. C. Randomly assigning different conditions to the stores will omit any bias caused by managers due to their way of thinking that sometimes is not in line with their employees’ perspectives, benefits, etc†¦Question 5: The changing nature of the workforce at Morgan-Moe’s drug stores is known as Workforce diversity which addresses differences among people within countries. To work effectively with employees from different cultures, management needs to understand how their culture, geography, and religion have shaped them and how to adopt management style to their differences.To capitalize on diversity, comprehensive workforce programs needs to be implemented; such programs teach managers the legal framework for equal employment opportunity, how a diversity workforce will be better able to serve a diverse market of customers and clients, and they foster personal development practices that brings out the skills and abilities of all workers, acknowledging how differences in perspective can be a valuable ways to improve performance for everyone.Due to the Changing nature of the economy and the economic pressure management needs to focus more on issues like stress, decision making and coping. In the goods times understanding how to reward, satisfy, and retain employees was at a premium. The participation of a more experienced workforce helps these programs as it is associated with knowledge, better judgment, wisdom, lower rate of absence and a higher performance quality.The introduced programs might work differently in countries that are not doing so poorly, especially the programs related to meeting with employees and brainstorming as employees will have time to meet and discuss their performances and ways to improve, whereas if there is lack of staff they will be focusing more on keeping the stores running and leaving meetings and brainstorming sessions for management That’s what management is for as indicated by one of the store managers.

Microwave Oven Effects On Wireless Lans Essays - Wireless Networking

Microwave Oven Effects On Wireless Lans Microwave Oven Interference on Wireless LANs Operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM Band Abstract - Commercial microwave ovens as applied in restaurants have two magnetron tubes and compared to domestic kitchen counterparts they spread the higher RF power and radiated heating energy more evenly. The domestic kitchen or residential microwave ovens have only one magnetron tube. The interference from the commercial type of microwave ovens is more difficult to characterise than the interference from the residential ones. The commercial type of microwave ovens radiate a CW-like interference that sweeps over tens of MHz during the two bursts per mains power cycle. The residential ones give a CW-like interference that has a more or less stable frequency near 2.45 GHz occurring once per mains power cycle. The impact of the interference from the commercial type of microwave ovens on wireless LANs conforming the IEEE 802.11 standard for both DSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum) and FHSS (frequency hopping spread spectrum) has been evaluated. I. INTRODUCTION The release of the 2.4 GHz unlicensed band (2400 -2483.5 MHz) for ISM (industrial, scientific, medical applications) prompted a significant interest in the design of wireless LAN products. Interference from extraneous sources (unintentional radiators) impacts the reliability of communication in this 2.4 GHz ISM band. Sources of such interference are the millions of residential microwave ovens radiating at frequencies close to 2.45 GHz, and they have been described largely in the literature. Commercial microwave ovens, based on two magnetron tubes as used in restaurants, have been hardly described in the literature. Since commercial ovens are expected more often in the vicinity of office buildings with a high population density of office equipment and PCs, this type has been evaluated with respect to the nature of the interference signal and the impact on wireless LANs operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. At first, published material on residential microwave ovens, the reports from the NTIA (National Telecommunications and Information Administration, in the US) - [1] and [2] - are discussed. Next, the commercial microwave ovens and the nature of their interference is considered. The characterization of the interference from such ovens requires a dedicated measurement set up. Then the robustness of wireless LANs based on DSSS and FHSS conformant to IEEE 802.11 against CW interference is discussed. At last, the interference from the commercial microwave ovens on wireless LANs based on DSSS and FHSS is measured with a dedicated set up and the impact of the interference nature is considered. II. NTIA REPORTS The NTIA makes [1] and [2] some pessimistic conclusions about the possibility of sustaining highly-reliable communication links in this band. The ubiquitousness of these ovens and the wideband interference picture that emerges from peak-power measurements using, for example, conventional spectrum analysers in max-hold mode and multiple sweeps, has led to these pessimistic conclusions. The NTIA describes measurement results for residential microwave ovens with a maximum EIRP for these radiators that lies lay between +16 and +33 dBm. Some shortcomings in the NTIA measurement methods are presented in [3]. The NTIA reports give results of frequency- and time-domain measurements. Spectrum analysers in max-hold mode were used to measure in the frequency domain, which resulted in traces that capture the peak emission, at each frequency sampling point, occurring during the time interval of observation. Spectrum analysers in zero-span trace mode were used to find how the signal power around the selected frequency varies over time. [3] mentions that the NTIA peak spectrum measurements and frequency-domain characterisation with time-domain plots show a pulsed III. RESIDENTIAL MICROWAVE OVENS Microwave ovens have become more popular over the last fifteen years and can be found in over two hundred million home kitchens. The heating source of these residential microwave ovens is based on a single magnetron tube mostly positioned in an upper corner. Without further provisions, such an oven would produce an uneven heating effect, because of static stable standing wave patterns inside the cavity of the oven. Therefore, the usage of a rotating disk results in such a heating process at which the different sides of the rotated food or drink are ?illuminated? more evenly. The power consumption is mostly in the 600 - 800 Watt range. 2445 MHz 2452 MHz 2459 MHz 2466 MHz # RES BW 10 kHz # VBW 10 kHz # SWP 15.0 sec Peak 10 dB/div 2.41 GHz 2.48 GHz Frequency Fig. 1. Max-hold spectrum for residential microwave oven. # RES BW 3.0 MHz #VBW 1 MHz # SWP 30.0 msec Peak 10 dB/div fcentre 2.456 MHz Time 0 30 msec Fig. 2. Zero-span spectrum for residential microwave oven. NTIA measurement approach. With a high speed digital oscilloscope it can be shown, that during the active period the emitted signal is a CW with a frequency that moves over a few MHz. The beginning of the burst looks like a pulsed CW